DOI: https://doi.org/10.9744/ced.17.3.133-139

Structural Behaviour and Design of Geopolymer Concrete Members

Prabir Kumar Sarker

Abstract


The worldwide production of concrete is on the increase in order to meet the increasing rate of construction. Since cement production contributes to the greenhouse gas emission, it is vital to develop alternative low-emission binders to reduce the carbon footprint of concrete. Fly ash based geopolymer is an alternative binder that has potential to reduce the CO2 emission of concrete production. It has been shown in different studies that the mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete are comparable to those of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete. This paper describes the behaviour and design aspects of geopolymer concrete structural members. The design aspects presented in this paper are bond of reinforcing steel in pull-out and spliced bars in beams, beams in shear and flexure, and columns in uniaxial and biaxial bending. It is shown that the current provisions for OPC concrete can be conservatively used for design of reinforced geopolymer concrete members.

Keywords


Fly ash; geopolymer; reinforced concrete; structural design

Full Text:

PDF

References


  1. CEMBUREAU, The European Cement Association, Retrieved from http://www.cembureau.eu/ about-cement/key-facts-figures on 04 August, 2015.

  2. Mehta, P.K., Reducing the Environmental Impact of Concrete, Concrete International, 23(6), 2001, pp. 61-66.

  3. Sakai, K., Environmental Management of Concrete and Concrete Structures – Toward Sustainable Development in Construction Industry, Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Analytical Models and New Concepts in Concrete and Masonry Structures, Lodz, Poland, 9-11 June, 2008, pp. 139-155.

  4. Chatterjee, A.K., Technological Initiatives and Status of Fly Ash in India, in Sarker, P.K. (ed.), Fly Ash: Sources Applications and Potential Environmental Impacts, Nova, USA, 2014, pp. 315-359.

  5. Davidovits, J., Geopolymers: Inorganic Geopolymeric New Materials, Journal of Thermal Analysis, 37, 1991, pp. 1633-1656.

  6. Rangan, B. V., Studies on Low-Calcium Fly Ash-based Geopolymer Concrete, Indian Concrete Institute Journal, October – December, 2006, pp. 9-17.

  7. Fernandez-Jimenez, A.M., Palomo, A., and Lopez-Hombrados, C., Engineering Properties of Alkali-activated Fly Ash Concrete, ACI Materials Journal, 103(2), 2006, pp. 106–112.

  8. Hardjito, D., Wallah, S.E., Sumajouw, D.M.J., and Rangan, B.V., On the Development of Fly Ash-based Geopolymer Concrete, ACI Materials Journal, 101(6), 2004, pp. 467-472.

  9. Sofi, M., van Deventer, J.S.J., Mendis, P.A., and Lukey, G.C., Engineering Properties of Inorganic Polymer Concretes (IPCs), Cement and Concrete Research, 37, 2007, pp. 251–257.

  10. Nath, P. and Sarker, P.K., Effect of GGBFS on Setting, Workability and Early Strength Properties of Fly Ash Geopolymer Concrete Cured in Ambient Condition, Construction and Building Materials, 66, 2014, pp. 163-171.

  11. Nath, P. and Sarker, P.K., Use of OPC to Improve Setting and Early Strength Properties of Low Calcium Fly Ash Geopolymer Concrete Cured at Room Temperature, Cement and Concrete Com-posites, 55, 2015, pp. 205-214.

  12. Nath, P. and Sarker, P.K., Geopolymer Concrete for Ambient Curing Condition, The Past, Present and Future of Structural Engineering, Proceedings of the Australasian Structural Engineering Conference, July 11–13, 2012, Perth, Western Australia.

  13. Sumajouw, D.M.J., Hardjito, D., Wallah, S.E., and Rangan, B.V., Flexural Behaviour Fly Ash Based Geopolymer Concrete Beams, Proceedings of the 22nd Bienniel concference of the Concrete Institute of Australia, Melbourne, Australia, 16–19 October, 2005.

  14. Hardjito, D. and Rangan, B.V., Development and Properties of Low Calcium Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Concrete, Research Report GC1, Faculty of Engineering, Curtin University of Technology, (2005), available online at http://espace.lis. curtin.edu.au/.

  15. ACI Committee 408, Bond Development of Straight Reinforcing Bars in Tension (ACI 408R-03), American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, USA, 2003.

  16. ASTM A 944-99, Standard Test Method for Comparing Bond Strength of Steel Reinforcing Bars to Concrete Beam-End Specimens, American Society for Testing and Materials Standard, West Conshohocken, US, 1999.

  17. Sarker, P.K., Bond Strength of Reinforcing Steel Embedded in Geopolymer Concrete, Materials and Structures, 44, 2011, pp. 1021-1030.

  18. Deb, P.S., Nath, P., and Sarker, P.K., The Effects of Ground Granulated Blast-furnace Slag Blending with Fly Ash and Activator Content on the Workability and Strength Properties of Geopolymer Concrete Cured at Ambient Temperature, Materials and Design, 62, 2014, pp. 32-39.

  19. Chang, E.H., Sarker, P.K., Lloyd, N., and Rangan, B.V., Bond Behaviour of Reinforced Fly Ash Based Geopolymer Concrete Beams, Concrete Solutions 09, 24th Biennial Conference of the Concrete Institute of Australia, Sydney, 17–19 September, 2009.

  20. Standards Australia, AS 3600-2009, Concrete Structures, 2009.

  21. ACI Committee 318, Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete, ACI 318–08, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2008.

  22. Chang, E.H., Sarker, P.K., Lloyd, N., and Rangan, B.V., Shear Behaviour of Reinforced Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Concrete Beams, Proceedings of the Concrete Institute of Australia 23rd Biennial Conference, Adelaide, Australia, October 18–20, 2007, pp. 679 – 687.

  23. Sumajouw, D.M.J., Hardjito, D., Wallah, S.E., and Rangan, B.V., Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Concrete: Study of Slender Columns, Journal of Materials Science, 42(9), 2007, pp. 3124-3130.

  24. Sarker, P.K., Analysis of Geopolymer Concrete Columns, Materials and Structures, 42, 2009, pp. 715–724.

  25. Rahman, M.M. and Sarker, P.K., Geopolymer Concrete Columns under Combined Axial Load and Biaxial Bending, Proceedings of the Concrete 2011 Conference, Oct 12-14, 2011, Perth, WA: The Concrete Institute of Australia.

  26. Sarker, P.K., Adolphus, S., Patterson, S., and Rangan, B.V., High Strength Concrete Columns under Biaxial Bending, ACI Special Publication, 200, 2001, pp. 217-234.

  27. Bresler, B., Design Criteria for Reinforced Columns under Axial Load and Biaxial Bending, ACI Journal, 57(5), 1960, pp. 481–490.

  28. Rangan, B.V., High Performance High strength Concrete: Design Recommendations, Concrete International, 20(11), 1998, pp. 63–68.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.9744/ced.17.3.133-139

Bookmark and Share


CED is published by The Institute of Research & Community Outreach - Petra Christian University, Surabaya, Indonesia

©All right reserved 2016.Civil Engineering Dimension, ISSN: 1410-9530, e-ISSN: 1979-570X

View My Stats